Transformational Leadership in Improving Lecturer Performance in Higher Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28301/ijsetm.v1i2.6Abstract
This research is motivated by the low performance of lecturers, both in the fields of teaching, research and community service in universities. The general objective of this research is to examine transformational leadership in improving the performance of lecturers in higher education. Meanwhile, the specific objective is to identify and analyze transformational leadership in improving the performance of lecturers in higher education through 1) Individualized Consideration. 2) Intellectual Stimulation. 3) Inspirational Motivation. 4) Idealized Influence. 5) Factors inhibiting lecturer performance. 6) Solutions to overcome obstacles. and 7) lecturers' performance in higher education. This research is based on transformational leadership theory from Bernard M Bass and performance theory from Michael Armstrong. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods and research techniques of observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the leaders at the two universities studied had implemented transformational leadership through; 1) individualized consideration by giving tolerance, being fair, empowering subordinates, being democratic, participatory and giving awards. 2) Intellectual Stimulation by innovating, being professional, conducting self-evaluation, leading with a collegial collective system and high creativity. 3) Inspirational Motivation by conducting effective communication, providing motivation and being an inspiration for subordinates. 4) Idealized Influence by being a role model for subordinates, being honest, authoritative, having high spirits, giving reasonable compliments and being able to accept differences of opinion while still using lively facial expressions. 5) Identification of factors inhibiting lecturer performance including a) low competence of lecturers, b) inadequate tridharma facilities and infrastructure and c) tridharma budget that has not been optimal. 6) Solutions in dealing with obstacles that occur through a) holding seminars, workshops and training activities, b) improving tridharma facilities and infrastructure, and c) preparing periodic annual budget plans. 7) Lecturer performance after the implementation of transformational leadership in higher education, education sector is 90%, research field is 82% and community service is 84%.
References
Books
Abidin, SZ (2012). Public Policy, Second Edition. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Al-Gazali, Muhammad. (2009) Hulaqul Muslim. Semarang. Wilaksana
Arrida, As-Sayyid Moh. Rashid 1954. Tafsir Al-Manar. Darul Manar Egypt. Vol
Bakar, Usman Abu (1999) Islamic Political Education A Perspective Towards Civil Society, Dynamics of the Journal of Islamic Studies, STAIN Surakarta
Barnawi & M. Arifin. Management of School Facilities and Infrastructure. Yogyakarta: Ruzz Media, 2012
Chaplin, CP 2002, Dictionary of Psychology, Translation of Kartini Kartono, Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Cremin, Lawrence. 1961. The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education. New York: Knopf.
Dahlan, Sitti Salmiyah, (2011) Islamic Education Management, Jakarta: Rabbani Press,
Danim, S. (2005) Becoming a Learning Community (Transformational Leadership in a Learning Organization Community), Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Dep. Indonesian Religion. (2002) Al-Qur'an and its Translation. Jakarta
Dewey, John, (1899). The School and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, John, (1902). The Child and the Curriculum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, John, (1916). Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan.
Directorate General of Islamic Institutions (2012), Mapping the Issues of Islamic Higher Education, Jakarta: Ministry of Religion:,
Dunn, WN (2003). Introduction to Public Policy Analysis, II edition. Yogyakarta: Gadjahmada University Press.
Eisenbach, et.al., in Tjiptono, Fandy, and Akhmad Syakhroza, (2009) "Transformational Leadership", Indonesian Management and Entrepreneurs, No. 9, Mr. XXVIII.
Fantino et al., 2001, Understanding Psychology, New York; Random House Inc
Filner, Peter, (1970). "An Obituary for the Progressive Movement." American Quarterly 22 (1):20–34.
Gazali, Muhammad Al-(200() Hulaqul Muslim. Semarang. Wilaksana,
Gomes, Faustino Cardoso, 2000, Human Resource Management, Jogjakarta: Andi Opset.
Guilford, JP 2002, "Traits of Creativity" in PE Vernon, Creative; Selectede Readings Australia: Penguin Book.
Hamalik, (2002) Teacher Education Based on Competency Approach., Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Hughes, Ricard L et al, (2002) Leadership Enhancing the Lesson of Experience, New York, Hill Compinies.
Katsir. Abil Fidha Ismail Bin, (Tth.) Muhtasar Ibn Kathir. Isa Badil Halbi. Egypt Volume I,
Kotter, John P., 2009, Leadership and Change, Jakarta: Erlangga.
Liffler, M. and A. Tschiesner, (2015). The Internet of Things and the Future of Manufacturing. McKinsey & Company.
Locke, EA, (2007) The Essence of Leadership (Translation), Jakarta: The Main Partner.
Prosperous. (2015). Effectiveness of Institutional Supervision Policies. Bandung: PT. Rafika Aditama.
McDonald, Frederick J. 2008, Educational Psychology, California: Publishing Company, Inc.
Miles, MB and A. Michael H. (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Resource Book on New Methods, Jakarta, UI Press.
Moleong, L. J, (2010) Qualitative Research Methodology, Bandung: Rosda Karya.
Mugni, Abdul Hamid (2007) Productive HR. Teaching Approach and Human Science. Press. Jakarta Press,
Mugni. Abdul Hamid (2007) Productive HR. Teaching Approach and Human Science. Press. Jakarta Press.
Mulyasa , (2011) Became a Professional School Principal, Bandung Youth Rosda Karya
------, ( 2019) Learning Revolution and Innovation According to Process Standards, Bandung Youth Rosda Karya.
_____, (2019) School-Based Management Concept, Strategy and Implementation, Bandung Youth Rosda Karya
_____, (2011) Principal Management and Leadership, Jakarta Bumi Aksara
_____, (2016) Teachers in 2015 Curriculum Implementation, Bandung Youth Rosda Karya.
Munandar, Ashar Sunyoto, 2001. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Jakarta UI Press.
Mugni, Abdul Hamid. Productive HR. Teaching Approach and Human Science. Press. Jakarta Press, 2007.
Muhammad Abdul Mu'min. Al Idrasah Fi Shobril Islam. Ministry of Islamic Religion of the Arab Republic of Egypt.2005
Your Majesty, Musdah. Building an Islamic Heaven. Jakarta. PT. Elex Media Competence. 2008.
Natapriatna, Solomon. 2001. Principal's performance. Correlation Study between Knowledge of School Management and Attitudes towards Position with the Performance of Elementary School Principals in Depok Municipality. Jakarta. IKIP Jakarta Thesis.
Nawawi, KH Rif'at Syangi. (20011) Personality of the Qur'an, Jakarta. The Wali Sanga,
Nugroho, R. (2014). Public Policy; Theory, Management, Dynamics, Analysis, Convergence, and Policy Chemistry (Fifth). Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo.
Nursito, 2004, Tips for Exploring Creativity, Jogjakarta: Mitra Gama Widya.
Payong, Marselus R. (2011) Teacher Professional Certification Basic Concepts, Problems, and Its Implementation, Jakarta: PT Index,
Purwanto, EA, & Sulistyastuti, DR (2015). Public Policy Implementation: Concepts and Applications in Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gava Media.
Riyadini, B. (2015). Responsibility for the Implementation of Bureaucratic Reform Through Evaluation Research. Jakarta: Member of IKAPI.
Rusman, (2012) Learning Models to Develop Teacher Professionalism, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,
Semiawan, Conny, AS Munandar and SCU Munandar, 2005, Fostering Talent and Creativity of Middle School Students, Jakarta : Gramedia, p. 9
Semiawan, Conny. 2001. Developing Innovativeness, Jakarta: Torch.
Sugiyono, Educational Research Methods, Badndung: IKAPI, 2010, 308
Sugiyono. (2015). Qualitative Quantitative Research Methods & RnD. Bandung: Alphabeta.
Sulaksana, U. 2004, Change Management, Yogyakarta: Student Library.
Sumardjan, Selo, 2003. Creativity, An Overview from a Sociological Angle, Creativity, (ed), ST. Alisjahbana, Jakarta: Dian Rakyat.
Suryanto, Dwi. 2007. Transformational Leadership‐New Breakthroughs to Become Excellent Leaders, Jakarta: Gramedia.
Tesche, P. Stephen Becoming a leaders of Leaders,Thrust-For Educational Leadership V 26 Oct 2006, 10-13
Thoha, Miftah, 2002. Organizational Behavior: Basic Concepts and Applications, Jakarta: Rajawali.
Wahab, SA (2016). Policy Analysis from Formulation to Formulation of Public Policy Implementation Models. Jakarta: Earth Literacy.
Wahjosumidjo, Principal Leadership, Jakarta : Rajawali, 2009
Winardi, J., 2003, Organizational and Organizing Theory, Jakarta: Rajawali Pres,
Winarno, B. (2016). Public Policy in the Era of Globalization. Yogyakarta: CAPS (Center of Academic Publishing Service.
Wirawan, I. (2003) Kapita Selekta Leadership Theory: An Introduction to Practice and Research, Volume I. Jakarta: Bangun Indonesia Foundation & UHAMKA Press.
Wuradji, 2008, The Educational Leadership (Transformational Leadership), Yogyakarta: Gama Media.
Yukl, G. (2004) Leadership in Organizations, Indonesian Edition, Jakarta: Indonesian Catholic University, 2004, 9
Journal
Adawiyah, Wiwiek Rabiatul, Scaling the notion of Islamic spirituality in the workplace, (2016),"Islamic spirituality and social responsibility in curtailing the workplace deviance", Humanomics, Vol. 32 Iss 4
Azmi, Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani, Islamic human resource practices and organizational performance Some findings in a developing Country, (2010),"Human resource management practices on organizational commitment: The Islamic perspective", Personnel Review, Vol. 39 Iss 6
Branine, Mohamed, David Pollard, Dundee, UK, Human resource management with Islamic management principles A dialectic for a reverse diffusion in management, (2009),"Islamic revival in human resource management practices among selected Islamic organizations in Malaysia", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 2 Iss 3
Bungai, J. (2018). Evaluation of Performance Lecturer On Implementing Tridharma College, Indonesian Journal of Educational Review p-ISSN 2338-2018 | e-ISSN 2335-8407 Vol. 5, No.1 , July 2018, p 174-182
Elfindri, et. al., (2015) lecturers' performances In Indonesia Higher Education System, IJAEDU- International E-Journal of Advances in Education, Vol. I, Issue 1.
Gazali, Muhammad Al-. Muslim Hulaqul. Semarang. Wilaksana, 2009
Ghazali, Al-, Ihya Ulumuddin. (Translation of TK. KH. Ismail Ya'kuf, SH, Faizan, Surabaya 1966.
Geijsel, F. (1999) Transformational leadership and the implementation of large-scale innovation programsThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available a.
Hadiantini, R. et. al. (2019), Lecturer Performance Factors in Private Universities in Bandung City, International Journal of Human Resource Studies ISSN 2162-3058 2019, Vol. 7, No. 4
Hakim, Adnan, Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Competence and Social) On the Performance of Learning, The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) || Volumes || 4 || Issue || 2 || Pages || PP.01-12|| 2015 || ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN
Hashim, Junaidah, Human resource management practices on organizational commitment The Islamic perspective, (1997), "Islamic revival in Asia and human resource management", Employee Relations, Vol. 19 Iss 4.
_____, Islamic revival in human resource management practices among selected Islamic organizations in Malaysia, (2010),"Human resource management with Islamic management principles: A dialectic for a reverse diffusion in management", Personnel Review, Vol. 39 Iss 6
Hassan, Abul, Islamic ethical responsibilities for business and sustainable development, (2012),"Toward applied Islamic business ethics: responsible halal business", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 31 Iss 10
Hassi, Abderrahman, Islamic perspectives on training and professional development, (2010),"Human resource management: an Islamic perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, Vol. 2 Iss 1.
Hawkins, John N. (2016) International and Development Education, Los Angeles, Palgrave Macmilla.
Jauhari, Vinnie, Rhodri Thomas, (2015) "Developing effective university‐industry partnerships: an introduction", Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Journal Vol. 5 Issues: 3
Khalil, Mahmood, Sakhnin, Israel, and Ismael Abu-Saad, in their article Islamic work ethic among Arab college students in Israel, (2001), "Islamic work ethic – A moderator between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in a cross-cultural context" , Personnel Review, Vol. 30 Iss 2
Liffler, M. and Tschiesner, A. (2015) The Internet of Things and the Future of Manufacturing. McKinsey & Company.
Long, Choi Sang, Zaiton Ibrahim and Tan Owee Kowang, An Analysis on the Relationship between Lecturers' Competencies and Students' Satisfaction. International Education Studies; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2014ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Maryani (2016), Information Technology and Computer Oriented Learning Systems in Schools to Print Quality Generation. Postgraduate International Seminar, Jambi, 2016.
Mellahi, Kamel, and Pawan S. Budhwar (2010) Introduction: Islam and human resource management, (2010), "Islamic challenges to HR in modern organizations", Personnel Review, Vol. 39 Iss 6
Muzenda, Allexander, Lecturers' Competences and Students' Academic Performance International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722,
Narasuci, W. et. al. (2018) Effect Work Environment on Lecturer Performance Mediated By Work Motivation Environment on Lecturer performance Through Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction in State Polytechnic, Journal International, Received, January 2018 Revised, March 2018 June 2018 August 2018
Nurzahputra, A. et. al, (2016). Online Fuzzy C-Means Clustering for Lecturer Performance Assessment Based on National and International Journal Publication, International Conference on Mathematics, Science, and Education2016
Parakhina, Valentina, Olga Godina, Olga Boris and Lev Ushvitsky, universities as a factor of their global competitiveness, (2019),"Strategic management model with lens of knowledge management and competitive intelligence: A review approach", VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, Vol. 47 Iss 1
Prasetio, Hadi and Wahyudi Sutopo, (2018). Industry 4.0 Reviewing the Aspects of Classification and the direction of Research development,J@tiUndip: Journal of Industrial Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 1, January
Polnaya, I. et. al. (2018) The Evaluation Of Lecturer Performance Through Soft Skills, Organization Culture and Compensation On Private University Ambon, Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 2, 2018
Rana, Muhammad Habib and Muhammad Shaukat Malik Alfalah, Bahauddin Zakarya, Human resource management from an Islamic perspective: a contemporary literature review, (2010),"Human resource management: an Islamic perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, Vol. 2 Iss 1
Rashid, TA et al. (2016) Lecturer Performance System Using Neural Network With Particle Swarm Optimization, International Journal, Software Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
Rizvina, Nasution Dinda (2016). The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style on Job Stress in Medan Mass Media Employees, Journal of Psychology,http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/54724
Soelton, M. and Yasinta D. (2018),The Effect of Transformational Leadership, Physical Work Environment and Work Stress on Employee Work Productivity at the Penjaringan Subdistrict Office, North Jakarta, Untar Economic Journal Jakarta: ISSN: 0854-9842Vol 23, No 1
Saptono, A., Dewi, RP, & Suparno, S. (2017). Business Management and SME Financial Management Training for Full Indonesian Migrant Workers (Tki) in Sukabumi, West Java. Sarwahita, 13(1), 6–14.
Suhaemi, Mimin Emi & Nur Aedi, A Management Strategy for the Improvement of Private Universities Lecturers' Professional Competences, International Education Studies; Vol. 8, No. 12; 2015ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Zangoueinezhad, Abouzar and Asghar Moshabaki, Human resource management based on the index of Islamic human development The Holy Quran's approach, (2010),"Human resource management: an Islamic perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, Vol. 2 Iss 1
Regulations and Laws
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2012 concerning Higher Education.
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 37 of 2009 concerning Lecturers.
Regulation of the Minister for Empowerment of State Apparatus and Bureaucratic Reform of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2013 concerning Lecturer Functional Positions and Credit Scores.
Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 92 of 2014 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Credit Scores for Lecturer Functional Positions.
Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education No. 2 of 2016 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education No. 26 of 2015 concerning Registration of Educators in Higher Education.
Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education No. 20 of 2017 concerning Lecturer Professional Allowances and Professor Honorary Allowances.
Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education Number 51 of 2017 concerning Educator Certification for Lecturers.
Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 7 of 2020 concerning the Establishment, Amendment, Dissolution of PTN, and the Establishment, Amendment, Revocation of PTS Permits.
Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 3 of 2020 concerning National Higher Education Standards.
Decree of the Director General of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education and Culture No. 12/E/KPT/2021 concerning PO BKD 2021. From the several regulations above, it shows that lecturer performance is an important variable in realizing quality management, in order to produce quality graduates.
Law Number 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers.
